2D and 3D Laser Scanners
2D laserscanners
Two-dimensional non-contact distance measurement system
2D laser scanners, also known as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors, are two-dimensional non-contact distance measurement systems. To capture 2D profiles of the environment, the 2D laser scanners from Hokuyo Automatic are used in combination with an infrared laser beam.
Laser scanners emit very short light pulses, measure the time it takes for the pulses to travel to and from the object, and calculate the distance based on this.
Additionally, the scanner measures the angle at which the pulses are emitted, generating a profile image of the entire environment, including all objects. This process can be repeated 100+ times per second, depending on the specific model of the scanner. As a result, highly detailed images of the environment can be obtained, which can then be used for object recognition, navigation of autonomous vehicles and robots, port technology, drones, and industrial applications.
Features of 2D laser scanners:
- High range up to 120 metres
- Suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications
- High angular resolution from 0.125 degrees to 1 degree
- High scanning speed
- Compact and lightweight: 130 grams / 50×50×70mm
- High reliability and resistant to vibrations and shocks
- Suitable for use both indoors and outdoors
Depending on the model, the Hokuyo laser scanner scans a detection area of up to 120 m and an angular range of up to 270°.
How does a laser scanner work?
A laser scanner, also known as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), is an advanced device that uses laser technology to measure the distance to objects in the environment and generate detailed maps. It operates based on the time-of-flight principle. Here is a more detailed explanation of how a laser scanner works:
- Emitting the laser signal: The laser scanner emits a short pulse of laser light towards an object or surface. This pulse is usually an infrared light signal, which is invisible to the human eye.
- Reflection of the laser signal: When the emitted laser signal hits the object, part of the light is reflected and bounced back to the sensor of the laser scanner.
- Detection of the reflected signal: The sensor of the laser scanner, often called a photodetector, receives the reflected light signal and records the time it took for the light to travel from the scanner to the object and back.
- Distance calculation: Since the speed of light is constant, the scanner can calculate the distance to the object by multiplying the time taken for the light to travel by the speed of light and then dividing by two.
- Scanning in multiple directions: The laser scanner rotates or swivels while scanning to direct the laser beam in different directions. This allows the device to measure distances to multiple objects and surfaces in the environment.
- Data processing: The collected distance data is then processed by the laser scanner's software, which converts the measurements into a point cloud. This is a collection of three-dimensional points that represent the shape and position of objects in the environment.
- 3D modelling and visualisation: For 3D laser scanners, the point cloud is further processed to create a detailed 3D model of the environment or object. This model can then be visualised, analysed, and used for various purposes such as planning, design, inspection, or navigation.
Applications for Hokuyo 2D laser scanners
AGV application:Laser scanners on AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) play a crucial role in navigation and obstacle detection in industrial environments. Additionally, the laser scanners are used for navigating towards the slots of pallets, etc.
Robotics: Hokuyo's 2D laser scanners are widely used in robotics for navigation and obstacle detection. They help robots map and understand their environment, enabling them to move autonomously without colliding with objects.
Security systems: In security and surveillance systems, these scanners can be used for intruder detection. They can monitor a predefined area and trigger an alarm if unusual activity is detected.
Industrial automation: In factories and warehouses, 2D laser scanners are used to automate various processes, such as palletising, sorting, and inspection. They can also be used for safety applications, detecting the presence of people or objects in the path of moving machinery.
Agriculture: In precision farming, 2D scanners help guide autonomous agricultural machines, ensuring precise application of seeds, water, and fertilisers while avoiding obstacles in the field.
Video: Angular resolution test UST 10LX H01 and UST 10LX H02 - Hokuyo Automatic laser scanner
Laser scanner solution for ports
Efficient solutions for container terminals, crane systems, and more.
Efficient container handling is becoming increasingly important. Our laser scanners help improve efficiency, productivity, and safety. The rising level of automation in container terminals and the growing demand for risk reduction are key challenges for port operators worldwide. In this field, our laser scanners assist in detecting, measuring, and preventing collisions, designed for objects and machinery such as cranes, containers, transport vehicles, crane arms, and other types of equipment.
Hokuyo's range enables precise container stacking and optimal positioning of trucks or straddle carriers. The exact position determination ensures a high level of safety and optimises loading operations.
Determining the position of containers at container terminals
LiDAR is installed to measure the position of containers at container terminals, accelerating and improving the efficiency of cargo handling as automation and remote operation advance. Sensors are used to detect the position of containers, aiming to enhance the efficiency of rubber-tired gantry cranes (RTG) during container handling at a port facility.
View laser scanners for port applications
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Hokuyo 2D laser distance meters - LiDAR for industrial applications
Laser scanner on AGVs
Laser scanners on AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) play a crucial role in navigation and obstacle detection in industrial environments. These advanced sensors use laser beams to precisely measure distances to objects in the surroundings.
Real-time information
Due to rapid and accurate data collection, laser scanners can provide real-time information about the AGV’s environment, enabling the vehicle to move safely and efficiently. With their high precision and reliability, Hokuyo’s laser scanners allow AGVs to avoid obstacles, plan routes, and even interact with other machines and workers in the vicinity. This not only enhances safety but also improves the productivity and efficiency of automated logistics processes.
If a safety category is required, the UAM series is suitable. If no safety category is required, the UST series is suitable.
Safety laser scanners
Previously, sensors were installed separately for obstacle detection and environmental recognition, but the safety scanner UAM-05 series can perform both environmental measurement and obstacle detection, making both applications possible with a single sensor. Read more about laser scanners for machine safety.
Laser scanners for Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
Laser scanners on drones
In recent years, drones have seen significant advancements and are increasingly being used across various industries. One of the key developments in this field is the integration of laser scanners on drones. This technology enables drones to map the environment with high precision and detail. Thanks to their compact size and lightweight design, Hokuyo’s laser scanners are particularly well-suited for drone applications.
Applications of laser scanners on drones:
- Terrain modelling: Generating detailed elevation maps and 3D models of terrain for land surveying, urban planning, flood modelling, and nature conservation.
- High-voltage tower inspection: Inspecting electricity transmission networks.
- Building and infrastructure inspections: Creating detailed 3D models of buildings to identify structural deviations and damage.
- Bridge and infrastructure monitoring: Monitoring bridges, dams, and other infrastructure elements to quickly detect and address potential issues.
- Precision agriculture: Performing accurate measurements and analyses of crop health, soil moisture, and plant density.
- Environmental monitoring: Observing ecosystems, detecting changes in vegetation, and identifying environmental issues such as deforestation or soil erosion.
Application examples 2D laser scanners
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| Inspectie van de werkinsertie bij industriële robots | Positiemeting van een ijzeren spoel. | Veiligheidsmaatregelen voor het binnendringen van een arm in een machine | Aanwezigheidsdetectie in gevaarlijke gebieden |
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| Meting van de resterende hoeveelheid grondstoffen bij staalfabrieken | Detectie van volledige belading (gebrek aan belading) bij het laden van pallets | Deflectiedetectie bij het snijden van staalplaten | Benaderingsdetectie voor een portaalkraan |
The difference between 2D and 3D laser scanners
3D Laser Scanners
3D laser scanners take this technology a step further. They not only measure the distance to surrounding objects but also provide a three-dimensional representation of those objects. This capability makes them ideal for a wider range of applications, including 3D modelling, construction planning, cultural heritage preservation, and autonomous vehicle navigation.
The key difference between 2D and 3D laser scanners lies in the dimensionality of the data they provide. While 2D scanners capture flat profiles, 3D scanners generate a fully three-dimensional model of the scanned environment, offering additional depth and detail.
When is a 2D laser scanner the right solution?
2D laser scanners are suitable for applications requiring 2D profiling and distance measurement, such as object detection, collision avoidance, and indoor mapping. They are also ideal for budget-conscious applications, as they are generally more cost-effective than their 3D counterparts.
When is a 3D laser scanner the right solution?
3D laser scanners are the preferred solution when a detailed, three-dimensional representation of an environment or object is required. They are ideal for applications such as terrain mapping, the automotive industry, and autonomous vehicles and drones.
3D laser scanner - 3D-LIDAR sensor
Where 2D scanners scan horizontally, Hokuyo’s 3D LiDAR sensors (also known as 3D laser scanners) scan almost their entire surroundings, including both moving and stationary objects. The laser scanner uses a pulsed laser beam with the TOF (Time-of-Flight) principle to measure distances. The detectable range is 35 metres forward and 14 metres to the sides.
Translating a three-dimensional environment into a digital 3D model
A 3D scanner is uniquely capable of mapping a three-dimensional environment and converting it into a digital 3D model. In a single cycle/frame/scan, the distance from each point (2590 standard) within a given space to the 3D scanner is measured and recorded. This number can be increased (up to a maximum of 518,000) using the interlacing mode.
Interlacing mode
The laser emission point is gradually shifted in each cycle to generate a denser point cloud. The density can be increased independently: 20 times horizontally and 10 times vertically. At maximum density, this is referred to as HD mode (High Density).
Accelerometer (gyroscope) included
This scanner is equipped with an acceleration sensor and a PPS input signal. Angular velocity and acceleration are detected. Since the accelerometer is included, there is no need to apply time synchronisation.
Support for multiple echoes
Reflections from rain, dust, and fog can generate multiple signals in the same direction. The distance measurement of each signal is recorded. For outdoor applications, the Multi-Echo function makes it possible to distinguish the object despite rain, fog, or condensation.
Usage applications for Hokuyo 3D laser scanners
Construction and surveying: 3D laser scanners are used to create detailed 3D models of construction sites, buildings, or landscapes. These models can be used for planning, design, and monitoring construction progress.
Archaeology and heritage preservation: In archaeology, 3D scanners are used to create detailed 3D models of archaeological sites or artefacts. This helps preserve cultural heritage by capturing it in detail and allows researchers to study it further without physical contact.
Autonomous vehicles: In the field of autonomous vehicles, 3D laser scanners are used for environmental perception. They help the vehicle understand the world around it, including other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles, ensuring safe and efficient navigation.
Industrial inspection: 3D scanners can be used to inspect industrial components or structures for defects or wear. This is particularly useful in quality control processes.
Retail and logistics: In the retail and logistics sectors, 2D and 3D laser scanners are used to optimise warehouse management, monitor inventory, and improve overall supply chain efficiency.
